每年清明節總是會有連續假期可以過,但除了計畫要去哪裡玩之外,可別忘了清明最重要精神是返鄉祭祖、緬懷祖先噢!但為什麼會有清明節呢?為什麼要選在這天掃墓呢?今天就要帶大家一起了解清明節英文由來、清明節傳統習俗以及為你解析吃潤餅的真正來由!
▲清明節源自於古代「祭墓之禮」。
清明節源自於寒食節,也是為了紀念於春秋時代名為「介子推」的一位賢士。當時,他跟隨著主人公「重耳」一同被流亡國外。據說,介子推在寒冷的冬天割下自己的大腿肉給重耳果腹。
重耳最終奪回了自己的王位並且希望能夠重賞介子推,但介子推婉拒了並選擇與他年邁的母親隱居在深山之中。重耳下定決心要找到介子推並且採納了身邊臣子的建議,放火燒了整片山林,迫使介子推現身。
但很不幸的,大火不僅沒讓介子推現身,反而將他與母親活活燒死。重耳聽聞此消息相當後悔他的決定,於是建了一座廟來致敬介子推。日後,這一天就成為了大家去祭拜、探訪祖先以及清理墓園的日子。
Qingming Festival originated from the Cold Food Festival (Hanshi Festival) which remembered a nobleman, Jie Zitui, from the Spring and Autumn period. He followed his lord, Chong'er, when they were in exile. It was said that Jie cut the flesh of his own thigh to provide food for his lord in the cold harsh winter.
Chong'er eventually regained his throne and wished to award Jie with a title, but he turned down the offer and chose to live with his elderly mother in the mountains. Chong'er was determined to find Jie, so he took advice from his courtier: set fire to the mountain in order to force Jie out. In the end, Jie and his mother died which became a deep regret for Chong'er. so he erected a temple to pay his respects to Jie. This day then became an annual holiday for families to visit their ancestors, pay their respects, and clean up the nearby area around the tombs.
▲清明節掃墓也代表了追思及感恩的意味。
清明節除了掃墓之外,還有很多相關的活動,例如:祭拜、踏青、放風箏等。除此之外,有些特殊的供品才會在清明節拜拜的時候出現喔!以下就來看看在清明節相關的單字吧!
如果祖先有各自的墳墓,通常會整理墓碑旁的雜草並擺上鮮花表示敬意。
墳墓是已故者的家,而我們在世者就會藉由清明節來為他們打掃整理乾淨。
In order to avoid traffic jams, some people will choose to go tomb sweeping back in their hometown in advance.
為了避免塞車,有些人會選擇提早回鄉掃墓。
東方國家有相當龐大的人信奉佛教和道教,與西方的基督教、天主教最大不同的地方就在於佛教和道教都會拿香拜拜。也因為這樣的差異,worship 跟 pray 其實很常搞混。對於我們的祖先也會透過祭拜來表達追思和感恩,也就是所謂的 worship。Pray 則偏向像禱告中向神祈禱的動作。但如果是想要表達祈福的話就會用 pray for good luck 來表示喔!
Taiwanese people worship their ancestors on important holidays to show their appreciation.
台灣人會在各大節日祭祖來表示感恩的心情。
清明節是晚輩們來探訪祖先們的節日。既然是祭祖,肯定就會見到遠房親戚和長輩,而通常在掃墓後,會跟親戚們一起吃飯並到戶外走走。雖然清明節與出門踏青並無實際上的關聯,但這是一個與家人們團聚的好日子,而清明節正值春天,是個春暖花開的季節,於是人們就會藉由這個節日好好放鬆、出去走走體驗大自然。
Many people would choose to have a spring outing at a leisure farm.
許多人會選擇到休閒農場踏青。
古時候就有「清明斷鷂放災」的習俗。人們會帶著風箏到祖先墳墓前,在掃墓和祭拜結束後,將想除掉的災害和病情寫在風箏上讓它隨風飄搖,等到風箏飛遠後,就會將風箏線剪斷,代表那些厄運會在風中消逝。後來,因為這樣的行為會造成垃圾而對環境有害,於是不再將風箏線剪斷,僅放風箏而已。
You can always see competitors fly all kinds of kites at each year's International Kite Festival.
每年的國際風箏節,總是會看到參賽者帶著各式各樣的風箏來放風箏。
拔河究竟跟清明節有什麼關聯呢?據說,拔河能夠祈求豐穰。在拔河遊戲進行時,身旁的觀眾群會群歌起舞、敲鑼打鼓來振奮士氣,而這樣的舉動宛如一場祈豐年的活動。
In ancient times, tug-of-war is not only soldiers' favorite sport, but also liked by the emperor and the ministers.
古時候,拔河除了為士兵們喜愛的運動活動外也備受皇帝與大臣們的青睞。
在佛教中,觀世音菩薩會拿著柳樹的樹枝將淨水撒向大地和眾生,也是為什麼柳樹被拿來當作驅趕邪魔外道的植物。除了趕走一些壞運,柳樹其實遮陽力相當足夠。人們都希望能夠替祖先們的墳墓遮陽,於是就有了在清明節插柳的習俗。
Many say that planting willow branches can prevent ghosts and demons from bothering our ancestors.
許多人說插柳是為了避免孤魂野鬼來打擾我們的祖先。
▲拔河運動在古時候也深受帝王、大臣們青睞。
「清明」為二十四節氣之一,相傳由古代「寒食節」演變而來。寒食節又稱為禁火節,是為了警惕百姓小心火燭,並下令禁止生火舉炊,這時的百姓只能事先準備好食物並食用冷食,便將豐盛的內餡包在薄餅皮裡食用,也就是大家熟知的「潤餅」,而寒食節與清明的時間很近,便會與清明節一同過節。
It is said that Qingming Festival is one of the 24 solar terms and evolved from the ancient Cold Food Festival (Hanshi Festival). The Cold Food Festival is also named as the No Fire Festival. This festival warns and prohibits people from using fire to cook meals. People can only eat cold food that was prepared beforehand. Taiwanese popiah or stuffed spring rolls are made with thin paper-like pancakes stuffed with fillings such as vegetables or meat. Since the Cold Food Festival and Qingming Festival are just one day apart from each other, they are usually celebrated together.
潤餅的英文是 “Taiwanese popiah” 也稱 “Stuffed spring rolls” ,潤餅跟春捲其實是指一樣的食物,春捲是國語唸法,潤餅則是台語唸法。原自每年清明節前一日的寒食節,因每年一次,原本叫做年餅,後來慢慢演變成潤餅,而按照習俗會在清明前把春稻的農事做完,再吃潤餅祭祖。
The flavor of stuffed spring rolls from Northern Taiwan are different from Southern Taiwan.
台灣南部及北部的潤餅,口味也有所不同。
高麗菜絲 | 豬肉餡 | 蛋絲 | 豆芽菜 |
胡蘿蔔絲 | 豆乾 | 花生粉 | 香菜 |
▲清明節必吃潤餅,如今也能在各個早市中吃到。
以上便是關於清明節的整理,看完後是不是對這個節日有更深的了解呢?
以後遇到清明連假不要只會說 Tomb Sweeping Day 而已,
而是可以試著與外國友人聊聊它的由來喔!
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